The Father Of The Computer - 941 Words

Introduction Living in today’s age it’s easy to forget that â€Å"technology† didn’t always mean mobile phones, televisions, laptops, internet etc. For thousand years, it was the means by which people secured food and shelter. Along with the language, religion and social culture technology is a part of our life. The history of technology begins with the Stone Age together with need of expanding exploring agriculture, industrialisation, transportation, medicine, warfare and computers. We can write for hours about technologies but let’s have a look closer on one of the topics. Computers have become a big part of our everyday live. The definition of computer was first used in 1613 and it was describing a human who performed calculations of†¦show more content†¦For a short time he attended King Edward VI Grammar School in Totnes, but his health forced him back to private tutors for a time. Babbage then joined 30-student Holmwood academy. This were he found his love to mathematics. He moved to Cambridge College to develop his mathematical skills. Disappointed in the mathematical introduction in the college formed with two other colleagues an Analytical Society. In 1812 he was transferred to Peterhouse in Cambridge where he was top mathematician there but surprisingly did not graduate with honours. Instead received degree without examination. Later life After school Babbage worked as a mathematitian.He was also elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society and played important part in the foundation of Astronomical Society in 1820.This is also the time where found passion in calculating machinery. In 1824 won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society for invention of an engine for calculating mathematical and astronomical tables (Difference Engine). In 1828 he occupied the Lucasian chair of mathematics at Cambridge and he took an important role in the establishment of the Association for Advancement of Science and the Statistical Society. He also attempt to reform the scientific organizations calling upon government and society to give more money to scientific effort. Remaining life spend on constructing analytical machine. He isolated himself filling in

The Influence of Defendant Gender and Crime Types towards...

INTRODUCTION The influence of defendant gender and crime types towards juror decisions. Jury trials play a centrally important role in the law, therefore it is crucial for the juror to stay neutral in making decision. However, several research shows that stereotyping is one of the most debatable issues related to juries’ decision (Bornstein Greene, 2011). In refer to Bornstein and Greene (2011), the stereotype that females and males generally labelled in specific crime be likely to be true in the largest sense. Thus, the significance of this study is to examine the effect of stereotype in defendant gender and crime types on the juror decision. McCoy and Gray (2007) examined the impact of defendant gender and relationship to victim on†¦show more content†¦Based on observation, both studies fail to proof the existence of stereotyping when the participant link the gender factor and the nature behaviour of the specific crime itself- violent or sneaky. There are also several limitations to the current study that must be noted such as the use of individual juror judgments, rather than jury decisions. A second limitation is the use of a written summary instead of a more realistic stimulus. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to confirm either there is a link between defendant gender and crime types which are the assault and shoplifting case with its probability to guilty on the juror decision. Briefly, there were 1049 undergraduate students of psychology participated in this study and all of them were instructed to read a one page article of a crime case which telling the defendant as a male or female and his or he r crime either assault or shoplifting. After that, they are required to answer survey on the rate of defendant likelihood to be guilty. The hypothesis of this study is that female defendant will be perceived as more likely to be guilty than male in shoplifting case and male will look more guilty in assault crime. DISCUSSION Overall, this study was about experimenting the influence of defendant gender either it is male or female, on juror decision in rating the likelihood of guilty in different types of crimeShow MoreRelatedResearch on Jury Bias1351 Words   |  6 PagesRace The race of the jury was divided into white and non-white participants. An ANOVA was then run with perspective taking, victim impact statements, and race of the victim as the between-participants factors to test against empathy felt for the defendant, for the victim, for the victim’s significant others. White participants. We observed that there was a main effect with the race of the jury and the empathy felt by the jury for the victim. The empathy felt by the jury for the white victim whenRead MoreThe Ideal American Jury System1924 Words   |  8 Pagesregistered voter can be randomly selected to attend jury duty as a citizen juror. Some critics of this system believe citizen jurors are not ideal because they do not know or understand the law and are too likely to act upon their passions, emotions, or prejudices. These critics would prefer juries to be comprised of professional jurors because they should be less prone to passions, emotions, and prejudices than citizen jurors, and instead be more apt to incorporate their professional experience andRead MoreAre Juries Fair13501 Words   |  55 Pagesanalysis to influence decision-making and encourage informed debate.  © Crown Copyright 2010. Extracts from this document may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes on condition that the source is acknowledged. 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This study hypothesizes there will be a measured difference between the independent factors, gender and type of eyewitnessRead MoreINTRODUCTION â€Å"We look at a person and immediately a certain impression of his character forms2200 Words   |  9 Pages120 children, of which had experienced extreme types of physical abuse from their parents or their guardian (NSPCC, 2013b). With cases like these, the parents or the guardians normally get taken to court whereby, jurors then have to decide whether they are equitable for the charges they are made against. In many of the research studies, it is known that there are many variables which are able to cloud a persons judgement, when making such a decision of whether the parent or guardian is guilty orRead MoreMagistrates4753 Words   |  20 Pageswillingness to consider advice - maturity - humanity - courage - firmness - decisiveness confidence - a sense of fairness - courtesy. 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Many would argue that capital punishment is a much more effect method in handing criminalsRead MoreRelaxed Celebrity Sentencing5407 Words   |  22 Pagescountry due to the rise in unequal sentencing practices used by our criminal justice system. This issue is so great because there is such a division between the people about it, some think celebrities should be treated and tried in accordance with the crimes they commit, while others feel that since they are Lax Sentences Page 2 in the public eye, them going to jail would ruin the lives of those that look to them as role models. Them being treated as if they are above the law is quickly becomingRead MoreThe Role of the Death Penalty on Preventing Future Crime Essay8133 Words   |  33 PagesDoes the death penalty prevent future crime? We are scared. Surveys find that the fear of crime is high and perhaps rising. So the question of prevention is important. General deterrence is the idea that punishing an offender deters others from committing similar crimes. But does the threat of the death penalty actually discourage others from killing and thus make us safer? If so, does it do so significantly better than other forms of punishment? Dozens of studies have examined theRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPreface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict

Hca/240 Appendix D Free Essays

Suppose you are tasked with confidentially interviewing members of a retirement community to see who may be at risk for cardiovascular disease. At the same time, you are asked to help educate the retirement community about what they can do to control their risk of developing a cardiovascular disease. Use the template below to design an interview form you would be able to take to members of the retirement community (age 60 and up). We will write a custom essay sample on Hca/240 Appendix D or any similar topic only for you Order Now Refer to Ch. 7 of the text, and this week’s articles on cardiovascular health. Remember—you will come into contact with seniors from all walks of life, so write questions that are direct, yet friendly. Apply judgment when writing questions; you cannot possibly cover all forms of cardiovascular disease with one 10-question interview. Finally, imagine you are actually conducting the interviews within a retirement community when one interviewee says her sister has been diagnosed with a particular cardiovascular disease. She wants you to explain what must be done to treat the disease because her sister did not understand the doctor’s explanation. Complete the interview and case study below.Post your response to the Individual forum. Part 1: Interview Form Cardiovascular Disease Interview Checklist for Symptoms and Signs of Cardiovascular Disease ?1. Do you have swelling of the ankles on a regular basis?. ?2. Do you suffer from shortness of breath?. ?3. Do you suffer from abdominal pain or sensitivity to touch in that area? ?4. Do you feel pressure in your chest, neck, or arms?. ?5. Do you have cold sweats on a regular basis?. ?6. Do you have high blood pressure?. ?7. Do you feel fatigued or tired a lot?. ?8. Have you ever been diagnosed with a rapid heart beat?. ?9. Have you ever been diagnosed with an enlarged heart? 10. Do you ever feel like there is so much pressure on your chest that you could suffocate? Risk Factor Discussion Prompts 1. Do you or have you ever smoked in the past? If so for how long? 2. Do you exercise on a regular basis? 3. Do you have a history of high blood pressure? 4. Is there a history of cardiovascular disease in your family? 5. (OPTIONAL) Add a conversation-starting sentence that would lead to a discussion of what individuals can do to decrease the impact of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Part 2: Case Study An interviewee named Mattie has been telling you all about her sister.Mattie’s sister is a delicate, 72-year-old great-grandmother. She recently had an ultrasound that revealed an aneurysm near her heart. Mattie’s sister did not understand the doctor’s explanation clearly enough to share details with Mattie. Explain to Mattie what her sister is likely to go through when she is treated for her aneurysm. Your sister will be started on medication to help slow the growth but it will eventually have to be repaired. The doctor will monitor your sister by doing ultrasound or MRI’s twice a year to see if it is growing. If the aneurysm appears to be growing or leaking they will have to do surgery. She has a How to cite Hca/240 Appendix D, Papers

Data Security Considerations in Healthcare Interoperability free essay sample

Moving to the cloud brings numerous advantages to the hospital in different ways. However, health records are sensitive data there for data security is a challenge for the healthcare industry. These health records are more valuable communication tools which support clinical decision-making.We have concern patients’ privacy as well as the confidentiality of the health records. In this digitalize world devices like tablets, smartphones and varies of web-enabled uses in our daily life which are kept on expanding also impacts to our daily life routine. If the hospital needs to implement new technology, then they have to consider health data are safer and accessible in order to treat patients.Storing health data on the cloud become a trend in the modern world because cloud-based storage providers have highly secured infrastructure and they are liable for the protection of the data.Cost Management: According to this hospital facility and it’s scale they have to involve for more on data security, storage, disaster recovery and etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Data Security Considerations in Healthcare Interoperability or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It will be a large investment for the hospital and the maintenance cost will be very high. But If they get service from cloud-storage expert providers they can save a large amount of money. They can get the service by paying a service charge.Security: Reputed cloud services providers have highly secured sufficient infrastructure to store data in the cloud. We can encrypt our data before uploading as it is a good idea enough to be on the safe side. To make sure that our data remains safe from hackers, we can write a small script that reads the file in binary and encrypts it with a secret key that only we know. When we wish to download it back, we will have to use the same key to decrypt it. There will be an agreement which tells the cloud providers’ liability of data privacy and security and if something went wrong on cloud providers side they are liable to claim for the organization(Hospital).Flexible with varies of features: Hospital can discuss with the cloud-provider for further improvement of varies of features and facilities that would be helpful for further improvement of cloud services.Disaster Recovery: There will be no huge risk at all with the cloud storage, business continuity is more important to the healthcare sector. Cloud collaboration and information-sharing between providers and patients are essential for timel y diagnosis and quality of care. Real Time and Remote Access: Doctors will be able to share files in real-time as well as remotely to consult with other specialists and their colleagues with zero compromises on patient privacy by using a secure cloud-based file sharing. This enables healthcare providers to improve their response times through efficient and safe collaboration.

5 Reasons to Get a DailyWritingTips Pro Subscription Today

5 Reasons to Get a DailyWritingTips Pro Subscription Today 5 Reasons to Get a DailyWritingTips Pro Subscription Today 5 Reasons to Get a DailyWritingTips Pro Subscription Today By Daniel Scocco If you are still on the fence about becoming a DailyWritingTips Pro subscriber, here are five reasons that will certainly convince you to join today. 1. 50% discount ($3.99 per month) The regular price of the subscription is $7.99 per month. For a limited time we are offering the subscription with a 50% discount, so you pay only $3.99 per month. When you join you will also lock your subscription price and wont be affected when it increases in the future. If you think about it, you will be paying $1 per week for a service that will improve your English and writing skills over time. Beats buying some overpriced gum huh? 2. Daily articles + exercises The Pro subscription is the only one that will deliver to you our writing tips and exercises every day. The free subscription (which is no longer offered but still honored for old subscribers) delivers our writing tips only twice per week and does not include our interactive exercises. 3. Easy to join For many years we relied on PayPal to process the subscription payments. Many users complained about that because it forces them to create and maintain a PayPal account. For this reason we decided to migrate to a better solution. We are now using Stripe, which is the industry standard in online payments. Stripe offers you the same level of security (i.e. your financial information will never be available to us and only to Stripe) but it is much more user-friendly. In order to join you just need to provide an email address and a valid credit card, and the process takes literally 15 seconds. 4. Easy to try and cancel We wanted to make it easy to join but also easy to try, and thats why we offer a 15-day free trial. You do need a valid credit card to start your trial, but you will not be charged anything for the first 15 days. Canceling your subscription is equally easy, be it in the trial or after. All you have to do is send us an email and we cancel your account on the same day, no questions asked. It is also our standard policy to grant all refund requests. In other words, if you forget to cancel before your next payment happens we will be glad to refund it (after all we have been there ourselves with other subscriptions). 5. Three Awesome eBooks as a bonus Finally, we have three awesome e-books to give you as a bonus right after you join. You will get access to download the eBooks on the free trial, and they are yours to keep even if you cancel during the trial. The first bonus eBook is titled 100 Writing Mistakes You Should Avoid. It used to sell for $10 and always received great feedback. It will be yours for free. Ready to give it a try? Click here to get all the details and join. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?Empathy "With" or Empathy "For"?Plurals of Proper Names

Nature Versus Nurture

Nature Versus Nurture You got your green eyes from your mother and your freckles from your father- but where did you get your thrill-seeking personality and talent for singing? Did you learn these things from your parents or was it predetermined by your genes? While its clear that physical characteristics are hereditary, the genetic waters get a bit murkier when it comes to an individuals behavior, intelligence, and personality. Ultimately, the old argument of nature versus nurture has never really had a clear winner. While we dont really know how much of our personality is determined by our DNA and how much by our life experience, we do know that both play a part. The Nature vs. Nurture Debate The use of the terms nature and nurture as convenient catch-phrases for the roles of heredity and environment in human development can be traced back to 13th-century France. In simplest terms, some scientists believe people behave as they do according to genetic predispositions or even animal instincts, which is known as the nature theory of human behavior, while others believe people think and behave in certain ways because they are taught to do so. This is known as the nurture theory of human behavior. Fast-growing understanding of the human genome has made it clear that both sides of the debate have merit. Nature endows us with inborn abilities and traits. Nurture takes these genetic tendencies and molds them as we learn and mature. End of story, right? Nope. The nature vs. nurture argument rages on as scientists debate how much of who we are is shaped by genetic factors and how much is a result of environmental factors. The Nature Theory: Heredity Scientists have known for years that traits such as eye color and hair color are determined by specific genes encoded in each human cell. The nature theory takes things a step further by suggesting that abstract traits such as intelligence, personality, aggression, and sexual orientation can also be encoded in an individuals DNA. The search for behavioral genes is the source of constant dispute as some fear that genetic arguments will be used to excuse criminal acts or justify antisocial behavior. Perhaps the most controversial topic up for debate is whether or not theres such a thing as a gay gene. Some argue that if such genetic coding does indeed exist, that would mean genes play at least some role in our sexual orientation. In an April 1998 LIFE magazine article titled, Were You Born That Way? author George Howe Colt claimed that new studies show its mostly in your genes. However, the issue was far from settled. Critics pointed out that the studies on which the author and like-minded theorists based their findings used insufficient data and too narrow a definition of same-sex orientation. Later research, based on a more conclusive study of a broader population sample reached different conclusions, including a 2018 groundbreaking study (the largest of its kind do date) co-conducted by the Broad Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Harvard Medical School in Boston that looked at the possible links of DNA and homosexual behavior. This study determined that there were four genetic variables located on chromosomes seven, 11, 12, and 15, that do seem to have some correlation in same-sex attraction (two of these factors are specific only to males). However, in an October 2018 interview with Science, the study’s chief author, Andrea Ganna, denied the existence of a â€Å"gay gene† per se, explaining: â€Å"Rather, ‘nonheterosexuality’ is in part influenced by many tiny genetic effects.† Ganna went to say that researchers had yet to establish the correlation between the variants they’d identified and actual genes. â€Å"It’s an intriguing signal. We know almost nothing about the genetics of sexual behavior, so anywhere is a good place to start,† he admitted, however, the final takeaway was that the four genetic variants could not be relied on as predictors of sexual orientation. The Nurture Theory: Environment While not totally discounting that genetic tendency may exist, supporters of the nurture theory conclude that, ultimately, they dont matter. They believe our behavioral traits are defined solely by the environmental factors that affect our upbringing. Studies on infant and child temperament have revealed the most compelling arguments for the nurture theory. American psychologist John Watson, a strong proponent of environmental learning, demonstrated that the acquisition of a phobia could be explained by classical conditioning. While at Johns Hopkins University, Watson conducted a series of experiments on a nine-month-old orphaned infant named Albert. Using methods similar to those employed by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov with dogs, Watson conditioned the baby to make certain associations based on paired stimuli. Every time the child was given a certain object, it was accompanied by a loud, frightening noise. Eventually, the child learned to associate the object with fear, whether the noise was present or not. The results of Watsons study were published in the February 1920 edition of the Journal of Experimental Psychology. Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select ... regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors. Harvard psychologist B. F. Skinners early experiments produced pigeons that could dance, do figure-eights, and play tennis. Today Skinner is known as the father of behavioral science. Skinner eventually went on to prove that human behavior could be conditioned in much the same way as animals. Nature vs. Nurture in Twins If genetics didnt play a part in the development of our personalities, then it follows that fraternal twins reared under the same conditions would be alike regardless of differences in their genes. Studies show, however, that while fraternal twins do more closely resemble one another than non-twin siblings, they also exhibit striking similarities when reared apart from the twin sibling, much in the same way that identical twins raised separately often grow up with many (but not all) similar personality traits. If the environment doesnt play a part in determining an individuals traits and behaviors, then identical twins should, theoretically, be the same in all respects, even if reared separately. However, while studies show that identical twins are never exactly alike, they are remarkably similar in most respects. That said, in Happy Families: A Twin Study of Humour, a 2000 study published by faculty at the Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology Unit at St. Thomas Hospital in London, researchers concluded that a sense of humor is a learned trait influenced by family and cultural environment, rather than any genetic predetermination. Its Not Versus, Its And So, is the way we behave ingrained before were born, or does it develop over time in response to our experiences? Researchers on both sides of the nature versus nurture debate agree that the link between a gene and behavior is not the same as cause and effect. While a gene may increase the likelihood that youll behave in a particular way, it does not ultimately predetermine behavior. So, rather than being a case of either/or, its likely that whatever personality we develop is due to a combination of both nature and nurture. Sources Price, Michael. Giant Study Links DNA Variants to Same-Sex Behavior. Science. October 20, 2018

Analysis of the business operations of Toyota Essay

Analysis of the business operations of Toyota - Essay Example also been able to achieve competitive advantage within the highly competitive automobile industry across the globe by applying supply chain and inventory management concepts. The Toyota Prius is one of the products by Toyota that has helped the company to gain a competitive advantage because of its focus on providing greener energy solutions that the vehicle market desires. Additionally, Toyota also applies the lean philosophy of manufacturing that advocates for the minimization of any wastages and also focuses more on achieving cost reduction measures in order for the company to continue running efficiently. The Toyota Prius has been able to reduce costs because vehicle consumers have shifted from the conventional fuel powered vehicles that are usually affected by fuel costs. The company also solves its problems adequately by continuously training its staff on how to handle certain production challenges and also anticipate for such problems in future. With this, this essay will review and critically analyze the operations of the Toyota company with a keen focus on the Toyota Prius vehicle, which will also include figures that would illustrate the production process of the same. The production system applied by Toyota is highly standardized and it also effective because it eliminates wastages through the lean production and movement, which is one key principle in operations management (Eyob & Tetteh 2012, p. 225). Also known as the TPS (Toyota Production System), this philosophy tends to be customer oriented that have led to the adoption of the same strategy by other companies across the globe. This strategy is a flexible one and has helped in the running of daily activities at Toyota because of the outcomes that it seeks to achieve. According to Jayaram, Das & Nicolae (2010, p. 280), one of the desired outcomes that this process tends to have is that the company seeks to provide high quality vehicles to their consumers with the cost attached to them being as

Intercultural Communication in the Workplace paper Essay

Intercultural Communication in the Workplace paper - Essay Example This is what good actors do and there is a difference between a ‘wooden actor’ and ‘expressive actor’ who conveys whole reams of feelings with expressions, dialogues and inflexion of speech. It is not just enough to be good looking or to have a good voice and while these help to enhance the impact, a poor speaker cannot rely on only these physical traits. â€Å"Language is our principal means of communicating, but it isn’t the only one we use. We communicate whenever we transmit information about ourselves to others and receive such information from them. Our facial expressions, bodily stances, gestures, and movements, even if unconscious, convey information and are part of our communication styles" (Chapter 15, p. 256). In organizations, particularly during team meetings or convocations, an effective speaker manages to get over physical barriers such as plan looks, thick accents and other barriers but still manage to keep people interested, by gaugi ng their mood and changing tonal inflexions. This is a very important issue in intercultural communication, to keep the audience interested and at the same time get your message through. By culture, we mean the accepted norms of social behavior and acceptance of what is right and what is wrong and what is ethical. To give an example, a woman smoking in US or Europe would not be noticed but a similar action in Arab countries would raise a lot of attention. Organizations such as Microsoft, Ford, GM, Toyota, British Petroleum and many others that operate globally need to adapt to various cultures and understand these norms yet remain committed to their core values. This is an area that is best handled by effective intercultural communication and the skill is in using an inclusive method where the message blends across cultures and brings a sense of uniformity. This requires skill and experience and simple language, checked for

Political scandals and media (Moshe Katsav scandal) Research Paper

Political scandals and media (Moshe Katsav scandal) - Research Paper Example The researcher will then move into analyzing how the media covered this scandal. This paper will then give a comparison of the media coverage of political scandals in other democratic countries, such as France, US, UK, Italy, and Germany. The researcher will then identify the actions that the government took during this period, and the reasons, after which the researcher will give some resolutions on how the government would have made this situation better. Moshe Katzav is an Israeli politician, and he was born in 1945, December. The country of the birth of Moshe Katzav is Iran, but he travelled to Israel in 1951, and lived under an immigrant tent. Mose Katzav was the first born in his family that comprised of eight children. Mose Katzav is a highly educated individual, holding a post graduate qualification from the University of Hebrew (East and Thomas, 2003). At the age of 24 years, Mose Katzav married Gila Katzav, and together they have produced five children. In the same year, he was able to join the Likud party, and there after becoming a mayor of Kiryat Mal’akhi. In 1977, Moshe Katzav become a member of the Knesset, and in 2000, he became the president of Israel, holding office between 2000, to 2007. It is important to understand that Moshe Katzav was the 8th president of Israel. It is important to understand that Israel has a president, who is ceremonial in nature and a prime ministers who holds executive power in Israel (East and Thomas, 2003). The governance structure of Israel is democratic in nature. It is important to denote that the prime minister of Israel is elected by Knesset, and it is this institution that holds legislative power in Israel (East and Thomas, 2003). Israel is one of the few countries in the world that does not have a constitution, but it relies on basic laws, initiated by Knesset for governance. On this basis, the Knesset is a very important institution in Israel, since it determines the

Demography Essay: Study of Human Population Dynamics

Demography Essay: Study of Human Population Dynamics Demography is the study of human population dynamics. Population is shaped by a number of factors including fertility, mortality, migration and urbanization. Significant demographic changes have been shown in many parts of the world. The world population growth has been decelerating since 1970s. Fertility rates in more developed countries (MDCs) have been showing a declining trend, whereas an increasing one in the less developed countries (LDCs). Mortality rates have gone down in both MDCs and LDCs due to medical advancement. Consequently, the population of the countries with low fertility rates aged more quickly, and the world population growth will be concentrated in those developing countries where fertility rates remain high. Uneven population growth among nations accelerated the migration of people across nation borders and the growth of cities. The changes of these interrelated factors with their causes and problems of each of the factors will be discussed, followed by some pos sible plans and opportunities that may benefit from these changes. 1 Fertility Fertility is the incidence of childbearing in a countrys population. Fertility rates have been falling in the MDCs. Findings from PRB (2009a) showed that the growth of future population would be almost entirely in the LDCs, with the most rapid growth in the poorest countries and regions where fertility rates still remain high. In the past 2 decades, countries with Total Fertility Rate (TFR) lower than the replacement rate of 2.1 were all MDCs including Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Japan, Singapore, and Hong Kong etc. (see table 1.1). HK has been experiencing a decreasing fertility rate since 1970s and it reached the historical low of 0.9 in 2003. CSD (2010) projected that TFR of HK continue to decline over the next 30 years. Japan and HK have the lowest projected TFR in 2039 which is 1.25 and 0.94 respectively (see table 1.2). The declining fertility trend can be attributed to a number of factors. Women nowadays have more educational and career opportunities as a result of socio-economic development in many countries, which encourages them to grab these opportunities before they start a family. Marriage postponement in HK is revealed by the increasing median age at first marriage for women, which rose from 26.1 in 1989 to 28.5 in 2009 (CSD 2010). Late marriage for women shortens their childbearing exposure period. Also, women have more access to reliable family planning methods. Worldwide, the use of contraception rose from less than 10% for married women of childbearing age in the 1960s to 62% in 2009 (PRB 2009b). Low fertility rate has led to the decline of young population, and hence, a slow growth of the working population would slow down the economic growth. CSD (2010) projected that the proportion of the HK population aged 65 and over would rise markedly from 13% in 2009 to 28% in 2039. The median age would also increase from 40.7 in 2009 to 47.6 in 2039. An ageing population will put a huge pressure on public finances. Tax base will become narrower because of the shrinking working population. On the other hand, expenditures related to the elderly such as medical and social security payments will increase substantially. The government could stimulate fertility by subsidizing childbirth costs. For example, the Japanese government introduced a new plan in Apr 2009, to pay for all childbirth costs with the public funds (Shimbun 2008). Moreover, regulations and laws should protect and be more favorable to the pregnant women. For example, to extend the maternity leave period. Increasing number of working parents has created a great need for quality childcare. That need is creating a great entrepreneurial opportunity for people who love children and want to start a business in childcare. Childcare services range from small home-based operations to large commercial centers. 2 Mortality Mortality refers to the incidence of death in a countrys population. The phenomenal increase in world population in the 20th century was a consequence of the worldwide trend towards increasing life expectancy and declining mortality, as a result of health and medical advancements. However, the levels in mortality vary from country to country. Although deaths of children in poorer countries like those in the sub-Saharan Africa make up a large fraction of all deaths, the decreasing mortality rate has declined enough to fuel rapid population growth. Nearly 11 million children died under the age of five in 2003 (UNDESA 2005). 98% of these children lived in developing countries. Sub-Saharan Africa got the highest regional average of under-five mortality in 2003 (see table 2.1), and it also experienced the least reductions over the 1990s. The lack of progress in sub-Saharan Africa can be attributed to the increase in child deaths from AIDS in some countries. For most countries, efforts to reduce malnutrition and provide appropriate interventions to address diseases like pneumonia, vaccine-preventable diseases and malaria were inadequate. Poor health systems and socio-economic stagnation due to instability have been the obstacles to the progress in the region (UNDESA 2005). Over 2,000 children die from malaria each day in sub-Saharan Africa. Episodes of fever and anaemia damage the mental and physical development of those children who survive. As the children is the source of the future workforce, it is important to keep them grow up healthily. If situation never improves, the society will never increase its competitiveness. The 4th Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) called for reducing child mortality. Its target is to reduce the under-five mortality rate by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015. There is a great need of nutritious food and medical and vaccine treatment for children in countries where child mortality rate remain high. In fact most of the diseases could be avoided if the children are provided with nutritious food and proper vaccination which are not high at cost. Food manufacturers and pharmaceutical company could find the markets there. 3 Migration Migration refers to the movement of people into and out of a particular territory. The annual number of legal immigrants has been increasing since the 1950s, and the regions sending migrants have shifted from Europe to Latin America and Asia (see figure 3.1). In 2005, the U.S. was home to more foreign-born residents than any other country, accounting 38 million of people. Russia was the second, which accounted for 12 million immigrants, and Germany was the third with 10 million. Globalization, economic differences across nations, and uneven population growth and have increased the flow of people across national borders. In 2005, 62 millions of immigrants from moved from LDCs to MDCs, while 61 million moved from one LDC to another for work opportunities. Others have moved to escape from economic problems, civil unrest or natural disasters. (PRB 2009b) The Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) impugned in large-scale immigration leading to excessive population growth and environmental degradation, displacing low-skilled American workers and depressing their wages, and threatening the cultural bonds that hold Americans together (Martin Midgley 2006). Martin Midgley (2006) has also discussed some recommendation suggested by the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform (CIR). In 1997 CIR recommended that the federal government do more to Americanize immigrants. They advocated that Americanization, accommodating and integrating immigrants, is a two-way street. The CIR also recommended federal grants to communities with large numbers of immigrants to create resource centers that promote immigrant-native interactions. It also urged U.S. businesses to do more to help integrate immigrants they hire. Self-employment is often used as a proxy measure for entrepreneurship. Self-employment rates were especially high among some groups: 28% of those born in Korea, as were 20% or more of those born in Russia and Iran. Self-employment normally declines with economic development, as farmers leave the land for urban jobs in factories and offices. However, in the new service economy, it has become easier to be self-employed, and immigrants may be in a unique position to spot opportunities (Martin Midgley 2006). 4 Ageing Population World population ageing is unprecedented and enduring. By 2050, the number of older persons in the world would exceed the number of young for the first time in history (UNDESA 2009). There would be more young people in LDCs than in MDCs (see figure 4.1). About one-forth of the population in Japan, Italy and Germany aged over 60 in 2002 and the percentage was expected to exceed 30% by 2025 (see figure 4.2). The proportion of the HK population aged 65 and over was projected to rise markedly from 13% in 2009 to 28% in 2039 (CSD 2010). The median age of the above mentioned countries/region are well above 40 in 2010 according to CIA (see table 4.3). Ageing population is a consequence of declining fertility and increased life expectancy resulting from declining mortality as mentioned in the previous sections. The problem concentrates in the Northern Hemisphere where fertility rate and mortality rate are low. Problems associated with ageing population are closely related to those associated with declining fertility as discussed in previous section. Japan expected its workforce to shrink by 16% (about 10 million people) from 2006 to 2031 (The Economist 2006a). Corporations could consider keeping and hiring old employees. The following are examples discussed on The Economist (2006b): Toyota has adopted its workstations to older workers, and IBM used its network to recruit retired people for particular projects. The HK government have attracted 200,000 talented people from Mainland China and overseas to HK since 1997, aiming to improve the population structure (The 2008-09 Budget 2008). The market will consist of growing number of elderly customers in the next few decades. A great market lies in the increasing the awareness of financial planning, health and fitness. Banks nowadays could spend more effort in their financial planning programs. As good health should be developed from young, fitness centres, health food manufacturers could grab this opportunity to sell this concept to their potential customers. 5 Urbanization, the Growth of Cities Urbanization is defined as the concentration of humanity into cities. Cities have existed for thousands of years but grew faster after the industrial revolution. Since the 1950s, rapid urban growth has become a global phenomenon. The world population was expected to increase from 6.7 billion in 2007 to 9.2 billion in 2050 (UNDESA 2008). Population living in urban areas was projected to gain from 3.3 billion in 2007 to 6.4 billion in 2050 (see figure 5.1), and most of the urban population growth would be concentrated in the cities of the less developed regions (see table 5.2). Asia, in particular, was projected to increase by 1.8 billion, and Africa by 0.9 billion (see table 5.3). Population growth is therefore becoming largely an urban phenomenon concentrated in the developing world. Population growth has been the main factor in the growth of cities in LDCs, whereas rural-urban migration has been the main reason for cities growth in industrialized countries. Furthermore, global economic growth, urban-urban migration and international migration have also affected urban growth (UN 2010). Problem of urbanization is manifestation of lopsided urbanization, poor urban planning, poor economic base and without having functional categories. India for example, urbanization was followed by some basic problems in housing, slums, transport water supply and sanitation, water pollution and air pollution, inadequate provision for social infrastructure and poverty (Datta 2006). Redirection of migration flows is required to relieve the problem of overcrowding and unemployment in cities. A strong economic sector in the urban economy is needed (Kundu and Basu 1998), more efforts and investments should be allocated to small cities which have been neglected. Policies should relate to proper urban planning emphasizing improvement of urban infrastructure and restoring original status of old building monuments which have historic value (Datta, 2006). Urbanization critically depends on the necessary infrastructure otherwise it could turn out to be a curse. Investments are required in urban infrastructure, urban transport and urban renewal. Sectors which can find the most opportunities include construction, materials (e.g. steel, copper, aluminums, cement), capital goods, and transportation. Conclusion Are the above mentioned interrelated demographic changes an opportunity or a threat? There is a great potential of economic growth in the LDCs with an increasing population growth, but only if the governments could create a better functioning market, and set appropriate policies to cope with the problems brought by rapid population growth. Ageing population is a common problem among the MDCs. Governments should invest more in education for the society, so as to develop a knowledge-based economy, and enhance the skills and competitiveness of people of all ages in order to cope with the shrinking workforce.

Pat Buchanan Speaks Out :: essays research papers

Thursday night the Phillips Center for Performing Arts hosted a very special guest appearance by the Reforms Party presidential candidate Pat Buchanan. In the year of presidential elections the two popular candidates George Bush and Al Gore really don’t lash out on each other, which makes this years debates boring and long. Pat Buchanan is refreshing to the sense he doesn’t care what he says about the other candidates. Pat Buchanan’s history includes serving as an assistant to Richard Nixon, and also to Ronald Regan. An accomplished journalist in his younger career, Pat Buchanan wrote speeches for the Reykjavik summit with Mikhail Gorbachev, and Richard Nixon’s popular speech to the opening of China in 1972. A solid Republican through many years in the White House Pat Buchanan saw a growing problem and decided to do something about it. Buchanan says, † The other parties do not realize the problems in America, we are loosing our country and what we stand for†. Buchanan wasted no time on stage knocking both Gore and Bush, because they are failing to talk about real problems in the United States. â€Å"These guys stand up here and are scared to death to step on each other toes and tell the Gods honest truth†. Buchanan feels that he left the Republican Party because they will not fight for American rights. Buchanan really focused his ideas with building America back to the nation our founding fathers wanted. He pointed out the problem with America’s heritage taking Washington’s day and changing it to President’s day. Buchanan explained, â€Å"When did we stop celebrating our first President of United States, and start celebrating Presidents such as Bill Clinton†. He also argued the problem of changing Christmas break to Winter break, and Easter break into Spring break. What’s more surprising is his views on why America is changing and what he will do to change America back to the land of liberty. Buchanan blames the change in United to States to the problem with immigration. â€Å"With too much immigration we are loosing communication with each other, we should teach all new immigrants English and emphasize American history first and foremost’. Buchanan feels that, â€Å"English is what as Americans brings us together, so everyone who lives i n America should know English†. Buchanan also offered a strict policy on immigration on his new plan. Under Buchanan’s new plan he will cut foreign aid and also pull troops out of Europe and the Middle East.